Men face enormous psychological problems rather than the sperm abnormalities. Even though here are many factors involved in male infertility, oligospermia and varicoceles are very common clinical conditions seen ever day’s practice.
      
Sexual problems

      Most of the males with infertility problems, have problem in sexual intercourse such as impotence, premature ejaculation, dyspareunia and the painful intercourse. Psychlogical and sexual perversions can contribute to infertility, although these conditions are usually treatable. Retrograde ejaculation occurs when the muscles of the urethra do not pump properly during orgasm and sperm are forced backward into the bladder instead of forward out of the urethra. This condition can occur temporarily due to the chemical medications, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, bladder neck or prostate surgery.

Lifestyle Factors

Stress may interfere with the hormones and reduce sperm counts. Smoking impairs sperm motility and reduces sperm lifespan. Narcotics, panprak, alcohol may reduce sperm count. Obesity and excessive endurance exercise may also reduce sperm production. Low levels of dietary selenium and zinc, which are necessary for the formation and maturation of sperm, are associated with an increased risk of infertility. Vitamin C deficiency causes sperms to clump together (agglutinate), which impairs movement.

Varicocele

     Varicocele is a major cause of male infertility and occurs when a vein that carries blood out of the scrotum dilates, much like a varicose vein in another location. As a result, a pool of blood forms around the testicles, raising the temperature of the scrotum. The elevated temperature hinders the maturation process of sperm. Sperms develop best in an environment that is slightly cooler than body temperature.

Infections

     Sexually transmitted diseases can trigger events leading to male infertility. Mumps after puberty causes damage to the testicles. A reduced amount of ejaculated semen may cause inflammation of the seminal vesicles. Semen that does not liquefy properly can result from infections or from sperm antibodies. Chronic prostatitis- the inflammation of the prostrate gland, can also cause sperm motility problems.

Ductal blockage is a very common feature. An infection in the testes may leave scar tissue that blocks the epididymis. Congenital abnormality may occur in the minute ducts, that carry sperm from the testicles to the penis.

Hormonal imbalance

Low levels of testosterone due to any cause, may result in defective sperm production. Hypogonadism is a severe deficiency observed in many individuals. They show chain of sign and symptoms such as secondary sexual characters, obesity, gynaecomazia, genetic causes and tumors of the pituitary gland which can prevent production of all reproductive hormones. Leydwig cells are defective and unable to respond to testosterone. Abnormalities of the thyroid or adrenal glands may have an indirect effect on fertility.

Auto Immunity

Autoimmunity is a condition in which the antibodies of the immune system attack specific cells in the body, mistaking them for antigens. The most common example of this is the development of antibodies after vasectomy. Antibodies bind to specific parts of the sperm such as the head or tail and cause problems. Sperm may stick together and fail to interact with cervical mucous or fail to penetrate the egg.

Physical structural abnormalities

     Cryptorchidism is a failure of the testes to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during fetal life. The genetic disease 'cystic fibrosis' of the testes, that is the complete absence of the vas deferens. Some men are born with structural problems, such as blockage in the epididymis or ejaculatory ducts which may affect fertility. Hypospadiasis, a birth defect in which the urinary opening is on the underside of the penis, which prevent sperm from reaching the cervix.